Paper motivation/open problem: “Understanding risks associated with the development and deployment of AI systems enables policymakers to prioritize governance efforts, allocate resources effectively, and determine the urgency of addressing specific risks.” Open problems: better threat models for AI risks because detailed threat models are “relatively underexplored”; use standardized risk-management approaches such as causal mapping; improve incident reporting and monitoring because OECD/PAI databases rely on public sources, likely cover only a subset, and lack details such as model specifics/guardrails; determine how non-public incidents can be reported and what technical information should be included for meaningful analysis.